Cystitis (UTI)

Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder, most commonly caused by bacterial infection. The primary culprit is E. coli bacteria, which normally lives harmlessly in the intestines but can cause infection if it enters the urinary tract. Other causes include irritation from sexual activity, certain hygiene products, or urinary retention.

Cystitis specifically refers to bladder inflammation, while UTI (urinary tract infection) is a broader term for infections anywhere in the urinary system. A bladder infection is essentially the same as cystitis when caused by bacteria. These terms are often used interchangeably in everyday language.

Common Cystitis symptoms include:

• Burning or stinging during urination
• Frequent, urgent need to urinate
• Passing only small amounts of urine
• Cloudy, dark, or strong-smelling urine
• Pelvic discomfort or pressure

Treatment options include:

• Pain relief: Over-the-counter painkillers like paracetamol or ibuprofen
• Urine alkalinizers: Products like Cystopurin or Cymalon to reduce discomfort
• Antibiotics: Trimethoprim is commonly prescribed, with alternatives available if needed
• Self-care: Drinking plenty of fluids and resting

With antibiotic treatment, symptoms often improve within 24-48 hours. Mild cases may resolve on their own in 3-4 days. Always complete the full antibiotic course even if you feel better earlier. If symptoms persist beyond 48 hours of treatment, consult your doctor.

While less common in men due to their longer urethra, men can develop cystitis. Male cystitis often requires medical evaluation to rule out underlying conditions like prostate issues or urinary obstructions.

Recurrent Cystitis may be caused by:

• Improper wiping technique (always wipe front to back)
• Sexual activity introducing bacteria
• Holding urine for prolonged periods
• Weakened immune system
• Hormonal changes (especially in postmenopausal women)

If left untreated, Cystitis can potentially develop into a kidney infection (pyelonephritis), which is more serious and may require hospital treatment. This occurs when bacteria travel up from the bladder to the kidneys.

Most Cystitis antibiotics, including trimethoprim, don't interfere with contraceptive pills. Only specific antibiotics like rifampicin (used for tuberculosis) are known to reduce contraceptive effectiveness.

While trimethoprim doesn't directly interact with alcohol, drinking may worsen Cystitis symptoms and delay healing. It's generally recommended to avoid alcohol until symptoms resolve.

Cranberry products may help prevent Cystitis by making it harder for bacteria to stick to bladder walls, but evidence for treating active infections is limited. They shouldn't replace proper medical treatment for existing infections.

Antibiotics can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria and yeast in the vagina, sometimes leading to thrush (candida overgrowth). This is easily treated with antifungal medications if it occurs.

Excessive washing, especially with soap, can irritate the area further and disrupt protective bacteria. Gentle cleansing with water is sufficient, and avoid douches or perfumed products.